![]() To date, a plethora of cognitive and neuropsychological research testing the cognitive functioning of pregnant women relative to other groups has yielded inconsistent and unclear findings. The colloquial concept of ‘baby brain’ suggests that throughout pregnancy and into the immediate postpartum period, women have reduced cognitive abilities and are more distracted, forgetful, and incompetent. This adds to the previous knowledge that personality similarities result in higher empathy. It appears that greater similarity between the situation of the perceiver and the situation of the victim elicits greater empathy. In study 2, using mediation analysis we found an indirect effect such that sexually objectified women experienced greater empathy toward the victim, which was associated with reduced attribution of blame. In study 1, we found that sexually objectified women attributed less blame to the woman compared with the women who were treated well, with ostracized women falling in between and marginally different from both. Then, they were asked to read a newspaper article (study 1) or watch a video (study 2) portraying encounters in which the man's sexual advances continued after the woman expressed discomfort and lack of interest. In two experimental studies, women were instructed to imagine interacting with a videotaped man who either gazed at their body (objectification), away from them (ostracism), or at their face (treated well). We propose that sexual objectification and ostracism may elicit empathy toward the victim, and in turn, reduce victim blame. However, no research to date examined whether situational factors of the perceiver can affect their perception and judgment of blame. Previous research concerning victim blame examined the attribution of blame considering the characteristics of the victim, the perpetrator, and the relation between them. In the current research, we examined whether ostracism and sexual objectification affect the tendency to blame the victim of sexual harassment. No clear differences by culture were observed. If women observers imputed no choice/ownership to the women in the images, such images were considered insulting whereas a sense of choice/ownership gave them a sense of empowerment. This tended to be underpinned by whether the women in the images were perceived to have choice/ownership over their actions. Whilst men and women described what they saw as positive, negative or with moral judgement, women were also more likely to either celebrate women’s sexualized images and seeing them as empowering and justified, or felt insulted and angry, perceiving the media as objectifying women, and described possible harmful consequences. These themes were then further coded to explore differences between men and women and by culture (Greece/Cyprus vs. Transcending these themes was the notion of choice/ownership. Using thematic analysis, four themes emerged: What they see Sense of celebration Feeling insulted Harmful consequences. To explore the more ‘in the moment’ and spontaneous responses to sexualized images men (n = 19) and women (n = 20) from Greece/Cyprus and the UK completed a qualitative think aloud task whilst exploring images of women in a male-directed magazine. Media sexualization of women may lead to objectification and poor well-being. While flow research has made progress in understanding flow, in the future, more experimental and longitudinal studies are needed to gain deeper insights into the causal structure of flow and its antecedents and consequences. Using our framework, we systematically present the findings for each category. The second “Contextual” level contains the categories for contextual and interindividual factors and the third “Cultural” level contains cultural factors that relate to flow. In the first “Individual” level are the categories for personality, motivation, physiology, emotion, cognition, and behavior. ![]() The provided framework consists of three levels of flow research. Our review (1) provides a framework to cluster flow research, (2) gives a systematic overview about existing studies and their findings, and (3) provides an overview about implications for future research. Overall, 252 studies have been included in this review. However, to our best knowledge, no scoping review exists that takes a systematic look at studies on flow which were published between the years 20. The flow concept was introduced by Csikszentmihalyi in 1975, and interest in flow research is growing. Flow is a gratifying state of deep involvement and absorption that individuals report when facing a challenging activity and they perceive adequate abilities to cope with it ( EFRN, 2014 ).
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